Tombstone Tuesday–Alma Schinnerer

Alma Schinnerer, Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Van Wert County, Ohio. (2012 photo by Karen)

This is the tombstone of Alma Schinnerer, located in row 7 of Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Schumm, Van Wert County, Ohio. The marker is inscribed:

ALMA SCHINNERER
1891-1977

“Alma” Rosina Elizabeth Schinnerer was born 17 November 1891 in Van Wert County, Ohio, the first child born to Frederick G. and Wilhelmine “Minnie” (Roehm) Schinnerer. Alma was baptized 20 November 1891, with Mrs. Elizabeth Schinnerer, Mrs. Rosine Schinnerer, and Mrs. Rosine Roehm serving as her sponsors.  

The Frederick Schinnerer family in the 1900 census, living in Willshire Township: Fred G, 39; Minnie, 29; Alma, 8; Martha, 6; Herman, 4; Carl, 2; Paula, 0; and Delton Bohlembach, 21, farm laborer. Her father Frederick was a farmer and the family lived east of Willshire. [1]

The Frederick Schinnerer family in 1910: Frederick, 49; Minnie, 39; Alma, 18; Martha, 16; Herman, 14; Carl, 12; Paula, 9; Gerhart, 6; and Arthur, 4. [2]

The Frederick Schinnerer family in 1920: Frederick, 58; Minnie, 48; Alma, 28; Martha, 26; Herman, 23; Gerhardt, 16; and Arthur, 14. [3]

By 1930 just Alma Schinnerer, 38, and her brother Arthur, 24, lived with their parents in the large white Schinnerer house just east of Willshire. Her father Frederick, 69, was a farmer and her mother Minnie was 59 years old. [4]

The father Frederick Schinnerer died 24 September 1935. [5]

In 1940 Alma, 48, lived with her widowed mother Minnie Schinnerer, 69. It appears they were living with Alma’s brother Arthur and his family, likely living in Friedrich Schinnerer’s (1824-1905) old house, just east of Willshire. Arthur was married by this time and had a year-old son, Joseph. [6]

It appears Alma had moved to Fort Wayne by 1950. Forty Wayne city directories indicate that she worked as a maid there in 1950-1952 and possibly longer, and as a cook at the Duemling Clinic in 1960. The Old Duemling Clinic was located on Fairfield Avenue in Fort Wayne.

Alma died of a heart attack on 29 January 1977 at Lutheran Hospital in Fort Wayne, Allen County, Indiana. She was buried on the 31st. [7]

Alma’s parents, Frederick and Minnie (Roehm) Schinnerer, had the following children:
Alma Rosina Elizabeth (1891-1977), never married
Martha Juliana Louisa (1893-1989), married George “William” Joseph Schinnerer
Herman George Ludwig (1896-1954), married Norma Emilie Nofer
Karl Friedrich (1898-1964), married Ella Thomas
Paula Ida (1900-1912)
Gerhardt Johan (1903-1953), married Lillian Marcella Buechner
Arthur Heinrich Ludwig (1905-1961), married Helen Rosetta Spring

[1] 1900 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 97, p.9, dwelling 179, family 193, Fred G Schinerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1900usfedcen/ : viewed 13 Oct 2019). 

[2] 1910 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 114, p.3A, dwelling & family 51, Frederic Schimerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1910uscenindex/ : viewed 13 Oct 2019).

[3] 1920 U. S. Cesus, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, Ed 146, p.6A, dwelling 116, family 117, Fred G Schinnerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1920usfedcen/ : viewed 21 Oct 2019).

[4] 1930 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, Ed 24, p.2A, dwelling 27, family 28, Fredrick G. Schinnerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com  (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1930usfedcen/ : viewed 21 Oct 2019).

[5] “Ohio Deaths, 1908-1953,” Willshire, Van Wert, Frederich G Schinnerer, 24 Sep 1935; database with images, FamilySearch.org (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9PTH-9HBL?i=1505&cc=1307272&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AX6WL-3FG : viewed 21 Oct 2019).

[6] 1940 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 81-28, p.10A, house visited 195, Minnie Schinnerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1930usfedcen/ : viewed 20 Oct 2019).

[7] Indiana, Death Certificates, 1899-2011, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1977, Roll 1, Alma E. Schinnerer, 29 Jan 1977; database on-line, Ancestry.com.

Two More Photos from Morrison Photography, Chattanooga, Ohio

At one time, in the late 1800s or just after the turn of the century, Chattanooga, Ohio, had a photographer–Morrison Photography. I know this because I have a couple photos with Morrison, Chattanooga, O, incised into the frame mat.

This photographer is somewhat of a mystery. Was he located in Chatt or was he located nearby? I looked through several sources that list businesses in the Chatt area during that time period but found no mention of a Morrison that was a photographer.

In the late 1800s and through 1920 there were several Morrison families living within 2-3 miles of Chatt, a little north in Blackcreek Township, but they were farmers and there are no Morrison photographers enumerated in the censuses. I wrote a blog post about this a few years ago. [1]

Chatt has always been a very small town and I never heard that there was a photography studio there. Or did Morrison set up his studio in an established building and did not advertise much? Maybe he worked out of his house? Or did he go to people’s homes and take photos? One of the photos below was taken in front of a house.

Recently two more Morrison photographs surfaced, the images sent to me by a reader. We hope that someone might be able to identify these people. The originals are large photos, 8×10 inches.

Perhaps these faces look familiar. They might be your ancestors. 

Morrison Photography, Chattanooga, O.

Morrison Photography, Chattanooga, O.

I would love to hear from anyone who can identify these people.

[1] Karen’s Chatt, “ Morrison Photography, Chattanooga, Ohio,” 15 July 2011,
https://karenmillerbennett.com/chattanooga/morrison-photography-chattanooga-ohio/ .

Tombstone Tuesday-Paula I. Schinnerer

Paula I. Schinnerer, Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Van Wert County, Ohio. (2012 photo by Karen)

This is the tombstone of Paula I. Schinnerer, located in row 3 of Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Schumm, Van Wert County, Ohio. The marker is inscribed:

Paula I.
Schinnerer
14 Mai 1900
23 Dec. 1912
Text: Luca, 2.11.

Paula Ida Schinnerer was born 14 May 1900, the daughter of Frederick and Wilhelmine “Minnie” (Roehm) Schinnerer. She was baptized at home on 27 May 1900 with Ida Schumm, Clara Schinnerer, and Alma Roehm serving as her sponsors.

About three weeks later Paula was enumerated in the 1900 census, her age shown as under one month (0/12). The Frederick Schinnerer family in 1900: Fred G, 39; Minnie, 29; Alma, 8; Martha, 6; Herman, 4; Carl, 2; Paula, 0; and Delton Bohlembach, 21, farm laborer. Her father Frederick was a farmer and the family lived east of Willshire. [1]

The Frederick Schinnerer family in 1910: Frederick, 49; Minnie, 39; Alma, 18; Martha, 16; Herman, 14; Carl, 12; Paula, 9; Gerhart, 6; and Arthur, 4. [2]

Paula Schinnerer came down with typhoid fever on 8 December 1912 and was attended by Dr. J.K. Christy several times before she died at home on 23 December 1912. She was 12 years, 7 months, and 9 days old and was buried on the 26th. [3]

Paula’s parents, Frederick and Minnie (Roehm) Schinnerer, had the following children:
Alma Rosina Elizabeth (1891-1977), never married
Martha Juliana Louisa (1893-1989), married George “William” Joseph Schinnerer
Herman George Ludwig (1896-1954), married Norma Emilie Nofer
Karl Friedrich (1898-1964), married Ella Thomas
Paula Ida (1900-1912)
Gerhardt Johan (1903-1953), married Lillian Marcella Buechner
Arthur Heinrich Ludwig (1905-1961), married Helen Rosetta Spring

[1] 1900 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 97, p.9, dwelling 179, family 193, Fred G Schinerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1900usfedcen/ : viewed 13 Oct 2019).  

[2] 1910 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 114, p.3A, dwelling & family 51, Frederic Schimerer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1910uscenindex/ : viewed 13 Oct 2019).

[3] “Ohio Deaths, 1908-1953,” Van Wert County, Willshire Township, Paula Schinnerer, 23 Dec 1912;  database with images, FamilySearch.org ; (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GPJR-KF?i=1910&cc=1307272&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AX86X-BHS  : viewed 13 Oct 2019).

Jacob Miller Estate Sale, 1918

I always enjoyed going to auctions and sales, although I don’t go to many anymore because I really don’t need more stuff. But I find it interesting see what was sold at my great-grandfather’s estate sale 100 years ago.

Back then people weren’t interested in antiques as collectibles. What we call antiques today are the items they often used every day. The items sold at their estate sales were useful and people would continue to use them around the farm and the house. And today, many of these same items continue to be sold over and over, still sold at sales and antique shops, but now considered collectible antiques. I am sure grandma never imagined that her old crocks and kitchenware would be so desirable decades after she used them. She took such good care of her china and fancy glassware, but it is the everyday items that are popular now.  

Jacob Miller (1843-1918).

My great-grandfather, Jacob Miller, immigrated to this country in 1871 and did quite well for himself here in Mercer County, considering that he probably left Bavaria with very little and ended up owning 80 acres of farmland a couple miles north of Chatt. Eighty acres was an average-sized farm in Mercer County, but it would have been considered a lot of property in Germany, then and now.

Jacob Miller was born 7 March 1843 in Bierbach, Bavaria, and died 15 June 1918, at the age of 75.

Jacob died without leaving a will and his son-in-law Howard Caffee was appointed administrator of his estate on 9 August 1918. 

Howard Caffee, Administrator of Jacob Miller Estate, 1918.

A public sale was held on 27 November 1918 at 10:00 a.m. It is no surprise that the sale was advertised in the Willshire Herald. The farm items and some livestock were to be sold, not the household items. His widow Christene would have needed the household items.

Items to be sold:

Horses & Cattle: 1 bay horse, 4 years old; 4 year-old roan horse; 11 year-old roan mare, 8 year-old driving mare; 2 year-old bay colt; 7 year-old spotted cow; 4 year-old roan cow, will be fresh in May; 2 year-old black heifer, will be fresh in May.

Implements: Milwaukee mower, hay tedder, Asbarn hay loader, low lift manure spreader, Deering binder, disc harrow, disc drill, gale corn planter, Iowa seed buncher, spring tooth harrow, a harrow spike harrow, Scotch clipper, breaking plow, hay rake, shovel plow, farming mill, 2-horse farm wagon, hay ladders and hog rigging, cob buggy, double set work harness, single set work harness, sixty gal. feed cooker, iron kettles, spades & tile scoop, post auger, 20 grain bags, 26 ft. of log chain, 600 bushels of corn in crib, 400 bushels of oats in bin, and other articles not mentioned.

Below is the list of the items sold, who bought them, and for how much:

Pile of junk to Carl Miller for $11.25 (valued at $5)
3 horse evener. Floyd Vining, $3.11
Feed cooker. Henry Gehm, $12.48, (valued at $5)
Iron kettle, Carl Miller $7.50 (valued at $2)
Spaders & tile scoop, Monroe Byers, $1.45 (valued at $2)
Post auger. J.D. Bollenbacher, $1 (valued at $1.50)
26 ft. log chain. John Bebout, $5 (valued at $3)
Farming mill. Peter Miller, $4.75 (valued at $5)
Shovel plows, Floyd Vining, $1.25 (valued at $1)
Scotch clipper plow. Carl Miller, $2 (valued at $2)
Walking cultivator. Earl Hains, $1 (valued at $1)
Riding corn plow. Geo Fisher, $17.53 (valued at $7)
Spike tooth harrow. Carl Miller, $3.50 (valued at $4)
A harrow. Frank Presho, $1 (valued at $1)
Spring tooth harrow. Chas White, $5 (valued at $5)
Disc harrow. Carl Miller, $15 (valued at $10)
Corn planter. Lewis Eggar, $38.40 (valued at $30)
Cloverherd buncher. Leonard Sauer, $1 (valued at $2)
Mower. Carl Miller, $16 (valued at $20)
Hay tedder. Carl Miller, $2 (valued at $5)
Hay loader. Caroline Caffee, $75 (valued at $50)
Deering binder. Caroline Caffee, $54 (valued at $25)
Manure spreader. Peter Miller, $62 (valued at $75)
Wagon. Mike Kallenberger, $19.44 (valued at $15)
Hog rack & hay laden. Milo Campbell, $7 (valued at $8)
Double set of work harnesses. Carl Miller $30 (valued at $20)
Single set of work harnesses. Fred Marbaugh, $8.16 (valued at $8)
Single buggy harness. [Mrs?] ? W. Baker, $10.50
Grain bags. J. P. Brookhart, $16.31 (valued at $5)
Cab Buggy. Lee Hilard, $72 (valued at $75)
Bay gelding. Carl Miller, $162.50 (valued at $150)
Roan gelding. Peter Miller, $127 (valued at $120)
Roan mare. Mike Kallenberger, $106.60 (valued at $100)
Bay colt. Carl Miller, $126 (valued at $100)
Driving mare. J. Pifer, $87 (valued at $75)
Roan cow. Floyd Vining $97 (valued at $75)
Spotted cow. D. Dudgeon, $86.40 (valued at $80)
Black heifer. Christian Miller, $58 (valued at $45)
Drill. Floyd Vining, $20 (valued at $15)

Corn. Wesley Rutledge, $352.40, John Leistner, $120.5, George Rothau, $120.53 (valued at $560)

Oats. J.J. Hilda, $35.30, Joe Teple $215, Christina Miller $14.64, Willshire Grain Co., $93.70 (valued at $308)

Plow. Carl Miller, $.50

Total from sale: $2381.90
[Cash: $812.72; Time & Notes: $1494.18; Taken by widow at appraisement: $75]

Account of Final Distribution, 1 November 1919:
Balance for Distribution: $1931.64
Christena Miller, widow of Jacob Miller: $710.54
Each of Jacob’s five living children received $244.22: John J. Miller, Peter Miller, Carl Miller, Caroline (Miller) Caffee, and Clara Miller.

Several of Jacob’s children were deceased at the time of his death, but those children left no spouses or children of their own.

Some people paid over value for some of the items, as the items were inventoried before the sale. My grandfather, Carl Miller, stayed on the farm and eventually owned it, so keeping many of the items was valuable and useful to him.  

The first entry of the items sold interested me and evidently caught my grandfather Carl’s eye, too—pile of junk.

Who doesn’t like a pile of junk? My dad would have liked a pile of junk and now I know where he got that.

Just what did they consider junk? Grandpa even payed over double the appraised value for the pile of junk. There must have been some good stuff in the pile.

There is something about going through a pile of junk. The unknown. Hoping there might be some special treasure hidden in the pile.  

I would love to go through that pile of junk today and see what was in there! 

Jacob Miller Sale Bill, 1918.

Tombstone Tuesday–William J, Mary (Sauer), Elsie Schumm

William J, Mary (Sauer), & Elsie Schumm, Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Van Wert County, Ohio. (2012 photo by Karen)

This is the tombstone of William J. Schumm, Mary (Sauer) Schumm, and Elsie A Schumm, located in row 6 of Zion Lutheran Cemetery, Schumm, Van Wert County, Ohio. The marker is inscribed:

SCHUMM
William J.
Dec. 6, 1883
Feb. 26, 1967

Mary S.
Apr. 5, 1886
Aug. 23, 1975

Elsie A.
Sept. 1, 1918
Oct. 5, 1995

Albert Wilhelm Jacob “William J” Schumm was born 6 December 1883, the son of “River” Henry and Anna “Rosina” (Schinnerer) Schumm. He was baptized at home on 16 December 1883, with Jacob Rueck and William Buechner serving as his sponsors. Interesting that my paternal great-great-grandfather Jacob Rueck was his sponsor. The Reucks lived next door to the River Henry Schumm family for a couple years before they moved to Oregon.

William Schumm’s mother Rosina died in 1890 and his father Henry then married Magdalena Geisler.

The Henry Schumm household in 1900: Henry, 55; Lena, 32; John, 26; Minnie, 23; Hannah, 22; Gustavus, 18; William, 16; Tillie, 14; Joseph, 12; Louis, 8; Herman, 6; and Theodore, 2. His father Henry was a farmer. [1]

William J. Schumm married Marie S. “Mary” Sauer on 9 Apr 1917 at Zion Lutheran Church, Schumm. Zion’s records indicate that both were members of their parish.

Mary Sauer was born in Germany 5 April 1886 the daughter of John and Anna (Meisinger) Sauer. She immigrated with her family in 1895.

The John Sauer family in 1900: John 47; Anna C, 45; Leonard, 24; Eva, 22; Anna C, 20; John Jr, 18; Henry, 16; Mary, 14; Aaron, 13; Phillip, 9; and Ludwig, 6. Everyone in the household was born in Germany. Both John and his wife were naturalized and John was a farmer. [2]

By 1920 William J and Mary (Sauer) Schumm had a daughter, Elsie. The William J. Schumm household in 1920: William J, 36; Mary, 32; and Elise A, 1. William was a farmer. [3]

By 1930 William J. and Mary Schumm had three children. The William J. Schumm family in 1930: William, 46; Mary, 44; Elise, 11; Irma, 10; and Milton, 8. Also living with them Anna K. Sauer, Mary’s mother, age 74. [4]

In 1940 there were only four people in the William Schumm household: William, 56; Mary, 54; Elsie, 21; and Milton, 18. William was a farmer. [5]

William J. Schumm died in Decatur, Adams County, Indiana, on 26 February 1967. He was 83 years old. The cause of death was a blood clot in his brain, caused by injuries from an auto accident he had on 16 February 1967. He was buried on 1 March. [6]

William J. Schumm’s obituary:

Van Wert Lists 2nd Auto Death
Van Wert—Death of William J. Schumm, 81, of Rt. 1, Willshire, in Adams County Hospital, Decatur, Ind., Sunday, has been listed as Van Wert County’s second traffic fatality of the year by Sheriff Wilmer L. Clay.

Schumm died from injuries sustained in an auto-train collision near his home Feb. 16, according to hospital officials. His wife, Mary, was injured, and has been released from the hospital.

Clay said records show the Schumm auto collided with the diesel unit of Norfolk and Western freight train 4.9 miles southwest of Ohio City.

Mr. Schumm is survived by his wife; two daughters, Mrs. Walter Kuehlinger [sic] of Fort Wayne and Elizabeth, at home; one son, Milton of Rt. 4, Van Wert; seven grandchildren; three brothers, and one sister.

Services will be 1:30 p.m. Wednesday, in Zion Lutheran Church near Willshire, Rev. Elmer Braun officiating. Burial will be in the church cemetery. Friends may call at Zwick Funeral Home, Decatur, until noon Wednesday, when the body will be taken to the church to lie in state. [7]

William’s widow Mary (Sauer) Schumm died of a stroke at Crows Haven Nursing Home, Fort Wayne, Allen County, Indiana, on 23 August 1975. She was 89 years old and was buried on the 26th.  [8]   

Mary S. (Sauer) Schumm’s obituary:

Mary S. Schumm, 89, widow of William J. Schumm and sister of Phil Sauer, Decatur, died Saturday at 10:10 a.m. at Crows Haven Nursing Home, Fort Wayne. She had been a patient there the past four months and had been in ill health four years.

Mrs. Schumm came to the United States in 1895 and resided on the same route 1, Willshire, farm for 73 years until moving to Fort Wayne seven years ago, she has resided with her daughter, Mrs. Walter Koehlinger of Fort Wayne, for the past four years. A housewife, Mrs. Schumm was a member of the Zion Lutheran Church at Schumm, O., and a member of the Ladies Aid.

She was born on April 5, 1886 in Germany to John and Anna Meisinger-Sauer, and was married on April 9, 1917 to William J. Schumm, who died in 1967.

Survivors include two daughters, Elsie Schumm, Fort Wayne, and Mrs. Walter (Irma) Koehlinger, Fort Wayne, and one son, Milton, Van Wert, O.; two brothers, Phil Sauer, Decatur, and Louis Sauer, Fort Wayne; seven grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. Two sisters and four brothers preceded her in death.

Funeral services will be held Tuesday at 9:15 a.m. at the Zwick Funeral Home and at 10 a.m. (Indiana time) at the Zion Lutheran Church in Schumm, O. with Rev. Robert Schuler officiating. Burial will be in the church cemetery. Friends may call at the funeral home until time of services.
[9]

Their daughter Elsie Agnes Schumm died of pneumonia at Riverbend Health Care Center, Fort Wayne, Indiana, on 5 October 1995, at the age of 77. She was buried on the 7th.  [10]

William J. & Mary (Sauer) Schumm had the following children:
Elsie Agnes (1918-1995), never married
Irma Anna Magdalena (1920-2010), married Walter H. A. J. Koehlinger
Milton M. (1921-2009), married Betty Ross

One last note about this family, a connection to my husband Joe’s side of the family. Their son Milton Schumm married Betty Ross and Betty was Joe’s mother’s first cousin, on the Roesner branch. That makes Joe and Betty first cousins once removed. Milton is my second cousin once and twice removed, due to that pedigree collapse thing again on the Schumm side…

[1] 1900 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 97, p.8 dwelling 170, family 183, Henry Schumm; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1900usfedcen/  : viewed 7 Oct 2019).

[2] 1900 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 98, p.13, dwelling 246, family 252, John Sauer; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1900usfedcen/ : viewed 2 Sep 2019).

[3] 1920 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 146, p.2B, dwelling & family 43, William J Schumm; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1920usfedcen/ : viewed 7 Oct 2019).

[4] 1930 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 24, p.4A, dwelling 74, family 76, William Schumm; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1930usfedcen/ : viewed 7 Oct 2019).

[5] 1940 U.S. Census, Willshire, Van Wert, Ohio, ED 81-28, p.3A, house no.24, visited no.50, Wm J Schumm; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1940usfedcen/ : viewed 7 Oct 2019).

[6] Indiana, Death Certificates, 1899-2011, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1967, roll 2, Adams County, William J Schumm, 26 Feb 1967; digital image, Ancestry.com, viewed 7 Oct 2019.

[7] The Lima News, Lima, Ohio, 28 Feb 1967, p.4; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com.

[8] Indiana, Death Certificates, 1899-2011, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1975, roll 11, Allen County, Mary S Schumm, 23 Aug 1975; digital image, Ancestry.com, viewed 7 Oct 2019.

[9] Decatur Daily Democrat, Decatur, Indiana, 25 Aug 1975; Find a Grave.com, Mary S. (Sauer) Schumm memorial no. 34047005.

[10] Indiana, Death Certificates, 1899-2011, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1995, roll 16, Allen County, Elsie A Schumm, 5 Oct 1995; digital image, Ancestry.com, viewed 7 Oct 2019.